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Many scientific papers have been published about related concepts. Given sufficient travel time and engineering work, both unmanned and generational interstellar travel seem possible, though representing a very considerable technological and economic challenge unlikely to be met for some time, particularly for crewed probes. NASA has been engaging in research into these topics for several years, and has accumulated a number of theoretical approaches.
The main difficulty of interstellar travel is the vast distances that have to be covered and therefore the time it takes with most realistic propulsion methods - from decades to millennia. Hence an interstellar ship would be much more severely exposed to the hazards found in interplanetary travel, including hard vacuum, radiation, weightlessness, and micrometeoroids. The long travel times make it difficult to design manned missions, and make economic justification of any interstellar mission nearly impossible, since benefits that do not become available for decades or longer have a present value close to zero.
At the beginning of the Apollo program Kraft retired as a flight director in order to concentrate on management and mission planning. In 1972 he became director of the Manned Spacecraft Center (later Johnson Space Center), following in the footsteps of his mentor Robert Gilruth. He held the position until his retirement from NASA in 1982. During his retirement, Kraft has consulted for numerous companies including IBM and Rockwell International, and he published an autobiography entitled Flight: My Life in Mission Control.
- October 7: Report says disappearing life threatens biodiversity
- October 4: Hurricanes may be associated with sunspots
- October 4: Study estimates first human HIV infection 100 years ago
- October 2: University of Calgary scientist Keith cracks carbon capture conundrum
- September 29: SpaceX rocket successfully orbits on fourth attempt
- September 27: Study suggests oldest rocks are from Quebec
- September 27: Chinese astronaut walks in space
- September 27: Australian frog is rediscovered after 17 years
- September 26: Swiss man successfully flies in jet pack across English Channel
- September 25: New study claims Stonehenge was a place of healing
- ... that a mercury arc rectifier converts alternating current to direct current by means of an electric arc through mercury vapor?
- ... that only one of the 266 1076 Class steam locomotives built for the Great Western Railway was named, and the rest had only numbers?
- ... that the six Charles Tayleur locomotives ordered by Isambard Kingdom Brunel for the Great Western Railway were unsuccessful?
- ... that the intensity of a tropical cyclone (pictured) is usually determined by the Dvorak technique using only visible and infrared satellite images?
- ... that the technique of double-balloon enteroscopy allows any position along the gastrointestinal tract to be visualized in real-time?
- ... that ANTARES, a neutrino telescope under construction in the Mediterranean Sea, will find neutrinos from outer space by looking downward, into the Earth?
- ... that KATRIN is an experiment to determine the mass of the neutrino by measuring the energies of electrons given off from the beta decay of tritium?
- ... that forensic electrical engineering is a branch of forensic engineering whose primary role is to investigate whether a fire was caused by the failure of an electrical appliance?
- Main outlines: List of basic science topics and List of basic technology topics.
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- Main categories: Technology and Applied sciences
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Computing: Classes of computers • Companies • Computer architecture • Computer model • Computer science • Computer security • Computing and society • Data • Embedded systems • Free software • Human-computer interaction • Information systems • Internet • Languages • Multimedia • Networks • Industrial Networks • Operating systems • Platforms • Product lifecycle management • Programming • Real-time computing • Software • Software engineering • Unsolved problems in computer science • More...
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Technological concepts and issues • Appropriate technology • Diffusion of innovations • Doomsday device • Externality • High technology • History of science and technology • History of technology • Industry • Innovation • Knowledge economy • Persuasion technology • Pollution • Posthumanism • Precautionary principle • Research and development • Strategy of technology • Superpowers • Technicism • Technocapitalism • Technocriticism • Techno-progressivism • Technological convergence • Technological evolution • Technological determinism • Technological diffusion • Technological singularity • Technology acceptance model • Technology assessment • Technology lifecycle • Technology transfer • Technology Tree • Technorealism • Timeline of invention • Transhumanism
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Technologies • Materials technology • Microscope technology
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Computing and the Internet • AMD microprocessors • software bugs • computing and IT abbreviations • GNU packages • Graphics file formats • IBM products • Internet slang • Internet topics • Internet top-level domains • Intel chipsets • Intel microprocessors • machines running CP/M • microcomputers • newsgroups • open source software packages • operating systems • screen readers (assistive technology for blind people) • UNIVAC products • Unixes • Unix programs • wikis • Timeline of computing • Timeline of hacker history • digital library projects
Computer science • Algorithms • data structures • information technology management topics • important publications in computer science • open problems in computer science • software engineering topics • terms relating to algorithms and data structures
- Character sets and encodings: ASCII • EBCDIC • ISO 646 • ISO 8859-1 • ISO 8859-2 • ISO 8859-3 • ISO 8859-8 • ISO 8859-11 • ISO 8859-15 • Unicode • UTF-7 • UTF-8 • UTF-16 • UTF-32 • Windows-1252
- Programming languages • Alphabetical list • Categorical list • Chronological list • Generational list
Engineering • engineering fields
Medical technology: (see Health and fitness above)
- Air forces of the world
- Military air bases: Royal Air Force • Royal Canadian Air Force • United States Air Force • United States Army • United States Coast Guard • United States Marine Corps • United States Navy
- Air force commands: Royal Air Force • USAAF NAF Component Commands
- Aircraft groups: Royal Air Force
- Aircraft squadrons: British Army Air Corps • British Fleet Air Arm • Royal Air Force • United States Air Force • United States Army • United States Marine Corps • United States Navy
- Aircraft "wings": Royal Navy aircraft wings • United States Navy aircraft wings
- Armies of the world
- Navies of the world: • fleets
- Military groups in WWI and WWII
- Australia: Australian divisions in WWI • WWII
- Britain: British Army Groups in WWII • British armies in WWI • WWII • British corps in WWI • British divisions in WWI • WWII
- Canada: Canadian divisions in WWII
- Germany: Prisoner of War Camps in WWII
- India: Indian corps in WWII • Indian divisions in WWII
- Poland: Polish divisions in WWII
- United States of America: American Army Groups in WWII
- Terrorists of the world: terrorist groups • terrorist incidents
- Military bases: military bases
- Military events: battles • guerrilla movements • invasions • military missions, operations, and projects • terrorist incidents • wars
- Martial arts: : List of martial arts • : List of martial arts weapons
- Weapons and miscellaneous topics
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- Military technology and equipment • weapons • World War II weapons • missiles • armoured fighting vehicles • NATO reporting names • Swords
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- Ships
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- List of aviation topics • • Aircraft • Manufacturers • Engines • Engine manufacturers • Weapons • By date and use
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- Aviation accidents • By airline • By location • By year
- Land transport
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Air pollution dispersion terminology • Blogging • Broadcasting • Computing and IT
(Alternative terms for free software • Computer • Fisheries • Fuel cell terms • Internet • Legal terms • Object-oriented programming • Unified Modeling Language) • Firefighting (Equipment • Wildland fires) • Library and information science • Machine vision • Metalworking terminology • Mill machinery • Mobile phones • Nautical • Telephony • Textile manufacturing • Transport (Aviation, aerospace, and aeronautics • Automotive design • Rail (Passenger rail (NZ railfan • UK railfan • U.S. railfan) • Woodworking (Joinery) • Winemaking
Technology and applied sciences
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- Transport
- Aviation • Cars (Australian, Ferrari, Japanese) • Cycling • London transport • Nautical • Roads (U.S. Roads) • Spaceflight (Space tourism) • Trains (Rapid transit, UK Railways, UK Trams)
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Philosophy of science 
Scientific method 
Systems science 
Mathematics 
Biology 
Chemistry 
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Technology and applied sciences
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